Browsing by Author "Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf"
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Item Assessment of Adequacy of Nutritional Support in COVID-19 Patients Receiving Oxygen Therapy in Multi Isolation Centers in Khartoum State and its Relation to Outcomes(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-07-18) Farh Ahmed Elhassan Mohamed; Ihab Babiker Abdulrhman; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Beginning in December 2019, the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused a pneumonia epidemic that began in Wuhan, China, and is rapidly spreading throughout the whole world. Nutrition support has become one of the important treatments for severe and critical patients. Objective: To assess the adequacy of nutritional support in COVID-19 patients receiving oxygen support. Methods: A multicenter prospective study enrolled 88 COVID-19 patients receiving oxygen support in Fedail Hospital, Albaraha Hospital, Aliaa Hospital, and Royal Care Hospital during the period from January to April 2021. Data regarding demographics, comorbidities, types of oxygen therapy, vital signs, laboratory investigations, methods of nutrition support, estimated calorie achievement, and outcomes were collected. Nutritional adequacy was assessed by using the Nutritional Risk Screening-2002 (NRS- 2002) test. Results: Among 88 patients, 50(56.8%) were males and 38(43.2%) were females; their mean age was 67±11 years. CPAP (n=28; 32%) and mechanical ventilation (n=27; 27%) were the main types of oxygen therapies. Estimated calories were achieved in only 36(40.9%) of patients and failure to the achievement of estimated calories was commonly due to hypoxia (n=33; 37.5%) and poor appetite (n=23; 26.1%). About 66(75%) patients were adequately nourished, 16(18.2%) were at risk of malnutrition, and 6(6.8%) patients were malnourished. The mortality was significantly associated with malnutrition (P. value= 0.000), and parental feeding modes (P. value= 0.000), and underweighted BMI (mean= 17.8 kg/m2; P. value= 0.000). Moreover, multi-organ failure was significantly correlated with risk of malnutrition (P.value= 0.000), NG feeding (P. value= 0.000) and overweighed BMI (mean= 28.8 kg/m2; P. value= 0.000). Additionally, mortality and multi-organ failure were significantly correlated with hypoalbuminemia among our study subjects (P. value= 0.001). Conclusion: The rates of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition were 6.8% and 18.2% among COVID-19 patients who received oxygen therapy, respectively. Inadequacy of nutritional support or failure in the achievement of estimated calories among our study subjects were commonly due to hypoxia and poor appetite. Mortality was significantly associated with malnutrition, parental feeding modes, and underweighted BMI. Furthermore, multi-organ failure was significantly correlated with the risk of malnutrition, NG feeding, and overweighed BMI. Both, mortality and multi-organ failure were correlated with hypoalbuminemiaItem Assessment of Fibrinogen Level and Platelets Parameters among Vaccinated Healthy Individuals with COVID-19 Vaccine at Shendi Town(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-06-10) Eslam Abdalla Mohammed Ahmed; Mohammed Osman Ali; Lana Jamal Abubaker; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Hamza Ahmed Hassan; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Covid-19 vaccine is an immunization method used to reduce coronavirus incidence but lately caused life-threatening events such as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Methods: This is a case control study conducted at Shendi town to evaluate platelet parameters and fibrinogen levels in vaccinated healthy individuals With Covid-19 vaccines between Augusts to November 2021. A total of (100) vaccinated healthy individual With the Covid-19 vaccine was enrolled in the study as test groups, compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. Venous blood samples were transferred into Trisodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the vaccinated healthy individuals were; (50%) male and (50%) female. The platelets parameter and fibrinogen indicated the mean values of platelets count, mean platelets volume, platelets distribution width, platelet crit, and fibrinogen, in Janssen vaccine groups, were (251.14 109\L), (8.39 fl), (15.6), (0.203%), and (158 mg\dl) respectively. The results study revealed the mean of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and Fibrinogen, in Astrazeneca vaccine groups, were (272.08 109\L), (8.13fl), (15.56), (0.2211%), (159 mg/dl) respectively. Also explained the mean of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT and Fibrinogen, in Astrazeneca vaccine groups were (272.08 109\L), (8.13fl), (15.56), (0.2211%), (159 mg\dl) respectively and in Janssen vaccine groups the mean values of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, Fibrinogen were ( 251.14 109\L), (8.39fl), (15.63), (0.2034%), (158 mg\dl) respectively. Conclusions: Covid-19 vaccines are responsible for significant changes in fibrinogen level in both AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccine groups.Item Assessment of Iron Profile among Sudanese Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Shendi Town(2022) Elham Mansour E Mohammed; Hamza Ahmed Hassan; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: This is a descriptive cross-sectional case-control study conducted in Al-Mak Nemir University Hospital in Shendi town to evaluate the iron profile in patients with chronic renal failure during the period March to July 2018. The study included thirty patients who were diagnosed with chronic renal failure and the study group was compared with ten healthy volunteers as a control group. Blood samples were collected from the two groups, Iron profile parameters were measured, Data was collected using a structured face-to-face questionnaire, and the (SPSS) version (11.5) program was used for data analysis. The study revealed the patients with chronic renal failure were (73.3%) male and (26.6%) female, distributed as (66.7%) have (31-50) years old, (23.3%) have (51-70) years old, and (10%) have (71-100) years old. The iron profile indicated that the mean values of S. iron, S. ferritin, and TIBC, were (182.2667ug/dL), (267.4000ug/L), and (195.2333ug/dL) respectively. This study showed that chronic renal failure is responsible for significant changes in iron profile.Item Assessment of Physical Child Abuse Awareness among Pediatric Registrars in Khartoum State, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-09-26) Yousif Mohammed Alhaj; Ayman Alsiddig Abdelrhiem Ali; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Background: Physical abuse of a child is an action that results in actual or potential physical harm. It is in the form of an interac- tion, which is reasonably within the control of a parent or person in a position of responsibility, power, or trust. It may be of single or repeated incidents. the number of reports about children being abused and molested in the country is growing. So, this study is conducted to assess awareness of the residents toward this issue as they are the first-line responder. Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter hospital-based study of the pediatric residents of Sudan Medical Specialization Board (SMSB) throughout the country. A sample size of 170 residents was calculated and randomly assigned by simple random sampling from the list of 736 registered pediatric residents at SMSB. The study questionnaire, structured into items on awareness of child abuse, developed by the researcher, pretested and validated, was filled as a written form. Descriptive analysis of knowledge and practice responses of the residents was conducted with SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics). Chi-square was calculated for awareness scores/grades against socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The study was approved by SMSB and ethical clearance was obtained. Results: A total of 174 pediatrics residents were involved in the study. The majority of the participants (81%-n = 141) were females, more than half of the study participants (58%) were aged between 22 to 30 years. Regarding their level of training, 20.1% (35) were R1, 2.3% (4) were R2, 47.1% (82) were R3 and 30.5% (53) were R4. The majority of the residents 146 (85.1%) had good knowledge, and 26 (14.9%) of them had poor knowledge, 73.6% (128) of the study participants have encountered a suspicious case of physical abuse among their children’s patients, less than half of the participants (42.5%, n = 74) have ever reported a suspicious case of child abuse and 57.5% (100) of them have never reported a suspicious case, 14.4% (25) of the residents have seen a definite case of physi- cal abuse in the last 6 months, 90.8% (158) of the doctors thought that that identification and reporting mechanism of suspicion of possible child physical abuse should be part of vocational training course. Conclusion: The study showed that pediatric residents: Revealed accepted good knowledge and inappropriate practice. More than half of the residents in our study did not know any mechanism for reporting child physical abuse, and only 30.5% knew the reporting mechanisms. There is a lack of educational training and education regarding child abuse. Reporting systems for child abuse cases are weak. There is a strong impact of training on the ability to detect child abuse cases which leaves us to relentlessly emphasize the importance of training and call for filling the gap by implementing a comprehensive training program for medical personnel that includes child abuse detection. On the other hand, formulating a reporting and a referral system for such cases to ensure that they inevitably reach the Family and Child Protection Units for appropriate management.Item Association Between Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Intestinal Parasite Infection in River Nile State, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Aamer A Elsedig; Abdallah S Mohammed1; Abubaker Y Osman; Altayeb A Altayeb; Hamdi I Ismeel; Mohammed H Bashir; Yassin H Fadol; Elyassa Almahi Almubarak; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract In developing countries, Helicobacter pylori infection is common, as are intestinal parasites. Socioeconomic events and low personal hygiene lead to the spread of these conditions. This study was conducted during the period from April to July 2018. This study aimed to determine the association between Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasite infection among all individual that was infected with an intestinal parasite. A total of 50 subjects (n=50) were included in the study in all different Ages. And for both males and females or gender from the study participant, stool samples in the clean dry container were obtained. The stool sample was tested for Helicobacter pylori antigen by using immune chromatography test antigen of stool. Out of the 50 patients tested 10 were Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasite positive, and 40 patients with an intestinal parasite and negative Helicobacter pylori. Also, we concluded that there was a very low percentage between Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites and was no significance (P=0.91).Item Awareness and Practice of Caregivers toward Type 1 Diabetes Among Children in Khartoum State 2021(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022) Yousif Mohammed Alhaj; Alzahra Busatui Alzain; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Background: Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces very little or no insulin due to autoantibodies against the β-cell of the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that is required for sugar (glucose) to enter cells and produce energy. Knowledge of disease and socioeconomic status (SES) of family, mother, and caregiver plays an important role in the management of diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes in children. Objective: To assess the Awareness and Practice of caregivers toward Insulin dependent diabetic children in Khartoum State 2021. Methodology: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted at Sudan’s childhood diabetes center. Data were collected through interviewer-administered data collection sheets on the children’s caregivers (Google form). Results: A total of 93 caregivers of type 1 diabetic children participated in this study; according to the demographic data of the children; their age range from 4 to 14 years, 51 (55%) children were aged from 5-10 years, and 33 (36%) were aged more than 10 years, and 9 (10%) were aged less than 5 years with an average age of 9 years. According to the maternal educational level; most of the mothers 57 (61%) graduated from university. Of most of the fathers 36 (39%) were employees, and 30 (32%) were free workers. According to the awareness and attitude, type 1 diabetes; all (100%) of them were aware of to use of insulin (ideal dose, site of injection, storage of insulin, injection with supervisor or alone), 81 (87%) of the caregivers were aware to types of diabetes, 81 (87%) of them were aware to Hb A1C, 78 (84%) of them were aware to home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM), and FBG, 78 (84%) of the participants were aware to types of diet (number of meal/day, types of meals/day, sugar content or not, exercise or not on exercise), and 78 (84%) of the participants were aware symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. However, some of the participants had poor awareness regarding diabetes retinopathy and nephropathy. Conclusion: According to our findings, caregivers with more diabetes awareness and education were able to keep their children’s glycemic control better regardless of socioeconomic status. In addition, in the routine questions asked of the diabetic patient and the care provider, a method of assessing socioeconomic changes such as loss of income, divorce, and disability must be incorporated. The majority of the participants in the study had a positive outlook on type 1 diabetes.Item Challenge of the 21st century the dengue virus Infections(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-06) Tibyan Abdalmajed Altaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: The dengue virus is currently one of the most widespread arboviruses infecting human populations, with serious negative effects on South America and South-East Asia economies and societies. Inadequate funding, wrong policies, a lack of political will, expanding mosquito vectors, and increasing urbanization and globalization are some of the factors contributing to the failure of initiatives to address this serious public health issue. Recent data estimates that there were 96 million apparent dengue illnesses globally in 2010. This figure, which is far higher than the WHO projection, shows that the disease is spreading quickly, creating a growing threat to the economy and a significant challenge for doctors and healthcare services around the world, especially in the impacted areas. In the past 17 years, dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever has emerged as one of the most significant resurgent tropical diseases due to the geographical expansion of both the viruses and the mosquitoes that transmit them, an increase in the frequency of epidemics, the emergence of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple virus serotypes), and the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever to new regions. The four serotypes of the dengue virus have just recently begun to establish endemic transmission in humans, with the four serotypes having originated around 1000 years ago. The level of genetic and phenotypic diversity observed in the sylvatic (primate) transmission cycle, however, as well as its genesis, remains unknown. It appears likely that stochastic processes also play a significant role in shaping viral genetic diversity, with lineage extinction being a frequent occurrence. There is some evidence that viral strains differ in important phenotypic features such as virulence and positive selection at immunologically important sites. A more complete understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of the 4 dengue virus, particularly concerning the etiology of severe disease, will require large-scale prospective studies and the comparative analysis of complete genome sequences. One of the most significant new arthropodborne pathogens is the dengue virus (DENV 1-4). The world's (sub) tropical regions are home to all four DENV serotypes, which yearly infect 50–100 million people. While most DENV infections are asymptomatic or only cause self-limited dengue fever, an increasing percentage of patients exhibit more severe symptoms, including dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The potential for the future there isn't a vaccination available yet for DF/DHF. All four viral serotypes have live, attenuated vaccine candidates; however, it will probably be at least ten years before they are made accessible for widespread use. Mosquito control is the only hope for reversing the pandemic DF/DHF trend, but this doesn't look likely to happen anytime soon. If effective prevention programs are not put in place as soon as possible, new dengue virus strains and serotypes will probably continue to spread between regions where Ae. aegypti occurs in infected air travelers, leading to continued hyperendemicity, increased frequency of epidemic activity, and increased incidence of DHF. To achieve this, government representatives, public health practitioners, and the general public must adopt an epidemic prevention mindset as opposed to an emergency response mindset.Item Cytological Changes in Buccal Mucosa among Glue Abusers in Shendi, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Mazin Babekir Musa Bashi; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altahe; Abdelgader Awad Alami; Amna Sanhoury Eesa; Mohammed Abdelgader ElsheikhAbstract Background: Glue sniffing among young people on the streets has gone completely out of control. The majority of street kids start out sniffing glue before moving on to other, more extreme narcotics. The organizations tackling the drug problem claim that because it is inexpensive and widely accessible, the majority of young people on the streets smell it. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess how sniffing glue affected the buccal mucosal cells. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Shendi town between March 2021 and March 2022. The study involved 150 participants under the age of 25, of whom 50 were glue abusers. The remaining 50 participants served as the (control1) group, and their parameters were similar to those of the abusers', with the exception that they did not abuse glue. The final 50 participants served as the (control 2) group, and they appeared to be in good health and did not use tobacco, Glue sniffing, or another type of addiction. Buccal samples were taken from each group, strained by pap stain, and microscopically examined. A standardized face-to-face questionnaire was utilized to gather data, and the (SPSS) version (11.5) application was used to analyze the results. Results: The study revealed a significant P-value of nuclear atypia among study populations, inflammation, and infection was 0.000, the significant relationship of nuclear atypia with the duration of glue snuffing and dose of glue with P-value 0.000,0.001 respectively. Conclusions: The usage of glue caused considerable morphological alterations in mucosal cells, such as nuclear atypia and pre-nuclear hallo, as well as inflammations and infections (bacterial and viral)Item Cytological Changes in Sputum Sample among Sudanese COVID-19 Patient among Different Town in Sudan 2021(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-01-18) Mariam Faez Habib; Asma Alameer M. Zeen; Safia M. Hussain; Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID -19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with micro-organisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.Item Cytological Screening of Breast Cancer Using Breast Fluids among Women in Shendi Town at River Nile State, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-09-06) Salwa Mohamed A. Almahgoub; Asma Al-ameer M. Zeen; Mubarak Al-hamodi; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Breast cancer is common in Sudan and most patients are detected at later stages of the disease due to the lack of awareness and absence of early screening programs. The majority of breast cancers originate in the epithelium lining the milk ducts. It is believed that most breast canceras are slow growing and progress from precancerous cells, which have cellular and nuclear changes that can be identified microscopically. Aim: To cytological screening of breast cancer in breast fluid. Methods: This is a cross-sectional feasible study conducted in Shendi town, 200 samples of different breast fluids from asymptomatic women. (100 nipple aspiration fluid, 50 milk smear, 50 postpartum milk) have been collected and screened cytologically. Stained by pap stain. Results: After cytology screening of breast fluid in, milk 30/50(60%) of women were non-cell secretors and 20/50 (40%) of women were cell secretors. Cells that appeared among the secreting group were a few epithelial cells and immune cells. In postpartum milk all women 50/50 (100%) were cell secretors, abnormal cytomorphological changes were in 15/50 (30%) of them, and high secretion of immune cells 50/50 (100%) which found to statistically of significant value (0.000). NAF was not produced in 78/100. Among women who produced NAF22/100, women were produced NAF 6/22 (27.3% ) were not cell secretors (category 0), benign nonhyperplasic ductal epithelial cells (category 1) 6/22( 27.3%), benign hyperplasic ductal epithelial cells (Category II) 5/22( 22.7%), atypical ductal epithelial cell (category III) 3/22 (13.7%) atypia (Category IV) 2/22(9%). cytological atypia 21/25 (84%) appears among women more than 30 years old and there was a strong statistical of significant value P. value =(0.000). Also, risk factors (family history, contraceptive intake, and HPV) statistically have a significant correlation with cytological atypia among study group P. value = (0.036). In this study HPV infection, cytomorphological change (koilocyte) was detected in breast fluid 4/200 (2%). Conclusion: cytology of the breast is a simple, safe, rapid test that is acceptable to patients and showed the ability to detect benign and pre-neoplastic ductal epithelial cells from asymptomatic volunteers.Item Detection of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing among Diabetic Patients in Khartoum State(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-12-30) Amna M. Ahmed; ,Abrar B. Omer; ,Athar T. Mohammed; Sara B. Abdulla; Hadia Babiker Abdelbaset; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections seen in all age groups with diabetes mellitus (DM). The term asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) refers to the isolation of bacteria in a urine specimen of individuals with unobserved symptoms of UTIs. DM is one of the risk factors of UTIs and causes complications including renal abscess, cystitis, fungal infections, pyelonephritis, and renal papillary necrosis. Objectives: This study aimed to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for isolated organisms among adult, asymptomatic diabetic patients were attended selected diabetic hospitals and centers in Khartoum state. Methods: A descriptive, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 asymptomatic diabetic patients from July to October 2022 in Khartoum state, Sudan. Information about patient demographics and clinical status was obtained from each patient using a written questionnaire. Clean-catch midstream urine specimens were collected and cultured on CLED, then processed for isolation and identification of uropathogens through conventional microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method through culturing the isolates on Mueller- Hinton agar. The collected data and laboratory results were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: 120 asymptomatic diabetic patients were included in this study, the age -mean was 44.8±11.76, out of which 16.7% (n=20/120) showed significant ASB and 75% (n=15/20) of them were females. In this study, there was a significant association between the level of HbA1c (P. value 0.049), bacteriuria (P. value 0.000), and ASB among studied diabetic patients, on the other hand, no significant association between age, gender, or type of DM, duration of DM, recurrent UTIs, other study variables and ASB. S. aureus was the commonest isolated uropathogen (40%) followed by P. aeruginosa (25%), E. coli (15%), E. faecalis (15%), C. koseri (5%), S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin in (62%). The isolated organisms were resistant to cefotaxime (50%), gentamycin (50%), imipenem (35%), nalidixic acid (75%) ciprofloxacin (40%). Conclusion: The overall prevalence of ASB among asymptomatic diabetic patients was high (16.7%). In this study poor glycemic control is a significant risk factor for ASB. Regular screening for ASB through culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing is recommended mainly for females over 45 years.Item Detection of Bacterial Contaminants from Operating Theatres at Hospitals in Shendi City, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-02-23) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Wafa Bashir Haj Ahmed; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; ,Hadia Abass Eltaib; Abeer Abdelrazig OsmanAbstract: Background: Operating room contamination is recognized as one of the most common life-threatening microbial contaminations in hospital environments, especially operating rooms and other specialty units, and is an ever- increasing cause of nosocomial infections. Objective: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify bacterial contaminants in Shendi hospital operating room. Between July-September 2021. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were collected from various locations in the operating room and all isolated bacteria were identified. The study isolated five types of bacteria from the Shendi Hospital operating room. Results: The results showed that Micrococcus was the most common bacterial contaminant isolated from the operating room. Leteus 21 (32.3%) Staphylococci. Epidermis 16 (24.6%), Staphylococci aureus 11 (16.9%), Bacillus sp. 9 (13.8%), Bacillus cereus 8 (12.3%)) and the lowest contaminants were isolated from soil 15 (23%), and focus lamp 5 (7.7%). This study may point to the fact that the Shendi Hospital operating room had bacterial contamination that could lead to postoperative wound infections (SSI). Reasons for contamination may be due to excessive attendance, personnel movement, and ineffective sterilization and disinfection procedures. Conclusions: Bacterial contamination was highest in operating room beds, followed by carts, floors, and focused lambs. Micrococcus spp, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, and Bacillus species have proven to be the most serious contaminants in the operating room, and are a dangerous cause of hospital-acquired infections, killing patients and hospital staff threatening. This may indicate that the sterilization method is not efficient enough, putting the patient at risk for postoperative infection. Some organisms were resistant to Gentamicin and highly sensitive to Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, and CeftriaxoneItem Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) among Urinary Tract Patients in Khartoum State, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Leila M. Ahmed Abdelgader; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Areej Osman Shik AldeenABSTRACT Background: Many different organisms can cause urinary tract infections, but Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones. 60% of all antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases around the world are beta-lactam antibiotics, one of the main classes used to fight gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Objective: The purpose of this study is to detect and isolate Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), which are responsible for urinary tract infections, as well as check for any potential medication resistance. Materials and Methods: The gram stain technique and biochemical assays were used to identify 100 urine samples from Khartoum state hospitals based on their cultural characteristics and morphological appearance. Using the disk diffusion method, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Ceftriaxone). The Combination Disk Technique (clavulanic acid+third-generation cephalosporins) was used to inoculate the bacterial isolates to demonstrate their capacity to create ESBL. In comparison to non-ESBL producers, the ESBL producers were assessed. Results: E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were among the microorganisms isolated from UTI patients. 61% of the participants in this study were female, whereas 39% were male. E. coli has an increased frequency among isolated bacteria, as it presented in 46% of urine cultures, followed by pseudomonas and Klebsiella, each with a 22% frequency. Growth of the majority of the bacteria was found among females more frequently than males, and it also seems to be among older age patients than younger. Amoxyl alone and in combination with Clavulanic Acid (AAMC) was the most medicine that bacteria were resistant to (76%), but Ceftriaxone (CTR) has higher sensitivity (45%) and resistance (50%). The growth of the bacteria in the media of antibiotics was sorted into sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Conclusions: Tested antibiotic resistance was higher for AAMC than for CTR, which is typically taken without performing urine sample culture and sensitivity testing, which over time leads to increased resistance.Item Determination of Bacteriological Profile of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing among Diabetic Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Shendi, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-05-10) Leila M. Ahmed Abdelgader; Salma Salman Omer; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Urinary tract infection is a widespread microbial disease and 2nd most disease in women due to the anatomy of women type 2 diabetes is a high risk of infection of the urinary tract. Objective: To identify the agent that causes urinary tract infections in diabetic patients, select the best antibiotic, and assess the types of diabetes that are connected with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods: From May to August 2018, a hospital-based cross- sectional study was carried out. According to the established methodology, urine samples were obtained for culture and identification. All isolates underwent an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20 was used to import the data from Epi-data version 3.2.1. Results: The study's findings indicated that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterium, with a prevalence of approximately (30.2%). It is followed by K. pneumoniae (26.3%), and then by Staphylococcus aureus and Saprophiticus in percentage (15%). Gentamicin has a high rate of antibiotic sensitivity (approximately 36%), while Ceftazidime has a high rate of antibiotic resistance (about 35%). Around (52%) of people are resistant to Ceftriaxone and Cloxacillin. Conclusions: There was a high rate of UTI in diabetes patients. Female diabetics were more likely to experience UTIs than male diabetics.E. coli and K. pneumoniae species making up the majority of isolates. The isolated pathogens were highly susceptible to Gentamicin, Cloxacillin, and Ceftriaxone. These findings demonstrate the importance of glycemic management in diabetics for reducing UTIs, regardless of age or sex. By treating UTIs with the appropriate antimicrobial medications and monitoring the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated microorganisms, antibiotic-resistant urinary organisms can be managed.Item Determination of Platelet Count and platelet Indices in Women after Normal Delivery in Shendi Town, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Areej Hussein FudulAlmoula; Tibyan Omer Alseer; Hamza Ahmed Hassan; TibyanAbd Almajed; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Background: Delivery is the process of birth. As the uterus contracts, the lower part stretches and thins, the cervix expands, the birth canal is formed, and the baby sinks through the pelvis, Platelet counts of less than 150,000 per cubic millimeter during uncomplicated pregnancies are described as gestational thrombocytopenia if no alternative cause is identified. Platelet counts may be even lower in women with pregnancy-related complications. Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the city of Shendi during the period from March (2021) to January (2022) and measured the platelet count and platelet index in women after normal delivery. P.value of the test at the 95- confidence level was 0.000, less than 0.05, indicating significant variation between the case and control groups in platelet counts. Hundreds of venous blood samples were collected for use in this study, 50 of which were collected from the test group and 50 from the control group. Platelet counts and platelet indices (including platelet critical value (PCT), platelet distribution width (PDW), and mean platelet volume (MPV) were determined for all samples and performed in an automated manner using a hematology analyzer. Results: The study showed that the mean platelet count in the delivery group was 147.84 compared to 263.14 in the control group. The P. value was significant (P. value 0.000). The most affected age for platelet count in the study group was 30 years and older, with a platelet count percentage of 84%. The most effective number of workers for platelet counts in postpartum women was 2 or more workers. The platelet count percentage was 84%. The study showed that the mean platelet volume (MPV) for the delivery group was 8.696 compared to 8.616 for the control group. The value of the test was not significant (0.620). The mean platelet distribution width (PDW) was 15.750 for the treatment group and 15.828 for the control group. The P. value was not significant (0.418)Item Effect of Obesity on Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels at Atbara Town, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-11-07) Malaz Abd Alslam Omer; Mosab Omer Khalid; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Obesity is a condition of excess adipose tissue associated with hormonal imbalances associated with the degree of obesity. Objective: To assess the effects of obesity on thyroid-stimulating hormone in Sudanese subjects in Atbara, Nile State. Materials and Methods: Collect 40 samples from randomly selected obese and overweight (male and female) subjects in Atbara City, Nile State. Between July and September 2021. Efficacy was evaluated in 20 healthy subjects with normal BMI of TSH levels of obesity as a control group. Serum TSH levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay analyzer (TOSOH) and results were analyzed using the Social Science Statistical Package (SPSS) computer program. Results: The results of this study showed the mean concentration of TSH levels in obese subjects (mean ± SD) (1.248 ± 0.48915) and controls (1.480 ± 0. 3), P. value = 0.07 and was also non significant. Also showed that the mean concentration of BMI, waist circumference and waist hip ratio and TSH level was (33.58,106.187,1.07,1.24) with P. value (0.063,0.404,0.064,0.860) respectively, which is insignificantly. Conclusions: Obesity has no effect on TSH levels, and it is concluded that there is no correlation between BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and TSH levels.Item Evaluate the adequacy of Warfarin Treatment among Patients who were on long term Anticoagulation Therapy in Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Center, Khartoum- Suda(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-07-17) Tarig Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Warfarin therapy for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases is safe and effective when it is maintained with a narrow therapeutic window measured by the international normalization ratio (I.N.R).Failure to provide adequate anticoagulation consistently predict thromboembolic events( eg stroke and pulmonary embolism), while excessively anticoagulated patients were at risk of bleeding. The management of therapy within this narrow window is complicated by numerous factors including drug interaction, comorbid acute, and chronic diseases, diet, and a variety of patient responses to warfarin therapy. The study was conducted in Ahmed Gasim cardiac center outpatient anticoagulation clinic. The study was carried out in the period from January to December 2012. Patients admitted or attending Ahmed Gasim cardiac center for followup of their long-term anticoagulation therapy. From all these results during the follow-up period. We found the percentage of those who were adequately controlled at the normal therapeutic I.N.R range was (54.7%) versus (45.3%) for uncontrolled patients. Of those who were controlled, we found(133) patients (60.7%) of them were fully educated about the interaction between diet and medications, while (31) patients (38.3%) were not receiving education about such interaction. On the other hand, those who were not controlled according to their therapeutic I.N.R (50) patients (61.7%) were not having educated and (86) patients (39.7%) were educated and have knowledge about dietary and drug interaction. P-value (0.01).The study of the adequacy of anticoagulation shows suboptimal control in (45.3%) of patients on patients attending INR clinics, however, the adequacy varies with age group with elderly patients poorly anticoagulated. Finally, the overall research conclude that the adequacy of anticoagulation was suboptimal with (54.6%) adequately controlled versus (45.3%) uncontrolled. In conclusion, the INR range of anticoagulation at the referral clinic mostly falls in the “under anticoagulated range”. Areas to be considered are patient attendance, staffing and at the same time increasing the efficiency of services. Improvement should be directed not only toward attaining better patient attendance at the clinic but also to educate patients on the importance of adequate control.Item Evaluation of Complete Blood Count and D. Dimer in Patients with COVID-19 Infection in Shendi Town(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-09-06) Hamza Ahmed Hassan; Elfatih Mohammed Abdalla Ali; Eltayeb Ahmed Motasim alnger; Eslam Abdalla M. Ahmed; Alaa Babiker H. Alkab; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Covid-19 can Cause Various Conditions Including respiratory, enteric, and neurological diseases, and led to a pandemic that has affected millions worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shendi teaching hospital which is located in Shendi town in Sudan to evaluate Haematological parameters and D. Dimer in patients with Covid-19 Infection in the period between May to September 2021. The study included (50) patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 Infection and the study groups were compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. 50 venous blood samples as case and 50 as control transferred into Tri sodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the Covid-19 Infection patients were; (60%) males and (40) females. Complete blood count (CBC) indicated the mean values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in case group were (12.5 g/dl), (38.9%), (4.5x1012/l), (86.7 fl), (27.7 pg) and (32.0 g/dl) respectively. Also prevailed the mean of TWBCs, Neutrophil, lymphocyte, MID, Absolute Neutrophil, Absolute lymphocyte, Absolute MID, were (13.09x 109 /l), (79.27%), (11.79%), (8.77%), (10.38), (1.54), and (1.16) respectively. The study revealed the mean of platelet, D.dimer (296.63x 109 /l), (6.07ug/ml), respectively. Conclusions: Covid-19 Infection is responsible for significant changes in hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total white blood cells count differential and absolute neutrophils count and differential and absolute lymphocytes count and D. dimer.Item Evaluation of Prothrombin Time Activated Partial Thrombo- plastin Time and Fibrinogen Level in Diabetic Pregnant Women in Shendi Town, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-09-01) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Alsayed Nouh M. Aldoush; Mohammed Osman Ali; Rahma Abdo Ahmed Osman; ,Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Ammar abdelmola5Abstract Background: Pregnancy is a unique physiological event that might have an impact on a woman›s coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Pregnant women and fetuses may be at risk for thrombotic and bleeding problems due to an abnormally hypercoagulable state during diabetic pregnancy. Thus, pregnant women must have regular coagulation tests to keep track of their coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Objective: This research was carried out to analyze Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, and fibrinogen level in diabetic pregnant and normal pregnant women in Shendi town in Almak Nemer hospital during the period from June to November 2021. Materials and Methods: In tri-sodium citrate, 150 venous blood samples total were taken, 100 from diabetic pregnant women as cases and 50 from healthy pregnant women as controls. A questionnaire was employed to gather certain patient-related data. Coagulometer tests were performed on blood samples. Results: It was found that pregnant women with diabetes had a significant increase in PT and APTT but a minor increase in fibrinogen when compared to the control result. PT and PTT values were insignificant increase with age, number of pregnancies, and thestage of pregnancy. Conclusions: In diabetic pregnant women, alterations in the levels of coagulation markers were seen. And the coagulation parameter ranges were reported, which can serve as a point of reference for medical professionals to more precisely monitor the coagulation and fibrinolytic system in pregnant diabetic patients.Item Evaluation Of PT And APTT among Diabetes Mellitus Type2 Patients in Atbara City, Sudan(2022-08-01) Mohamed Hashim Fadellala; , Eman Zeen Elabdeen Hashim Yassin; Hisham Abdelhamid; Adam A. Mohammed1, Salah M. Mansur; Abdelrahman M. Alfarajabi; Hassan Ibrahim Hussein; Abdelfatah O. KaramAlgani; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. To evaluation of PT and PTT among diabetes mellitus type 2 patients. This is a cross-sectional study with a control group based conducted in Atbara hospital during the period from March to July 2018. The patients were interviewed according to a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. A total of 50 samples were from patients with type2 diabetes mellitus and 50 samples were from healthy persons as control. PT and APTT were measured using semi-automated coagulometry (TECO- COATRON M1, GERMANY). The data was analyzed by SPSS software using an independent t-test. The results show that the mean level of prothrombin time in type 2 diabetic patients was (16.64±3.09 Sec) and of control was (16.7±1.24 Sec), it was none significantly correlated (P value = 0.832) and the mean level activated partial thromboplastin time APTT in type 2 diabetic patients was (38.3±8.7) Sec and of control was (36.2±2.7 Sec), it was none significantly correlated (P. value =0.111). Our study concluded that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had no hypercoagulable state due to PT and APTT. Another study with large sample size and many variables to reach another fact.