Browsing by Author "Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad"
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Item A perspective influence of the Epsilon variant of COVID-19 on Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met leads to the emergence of human papilloma virus-Gueye, which is wrongly described as monkey pox(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract A perspective study discussed how the epsilon variant of COVID-19 induced mutation to the existed human papilloma virus via mutagenic cadmium content of the COVID-19, and arsenic content of epsilon variant lead to appearance of new strain of human papilloma virus, we named it Human Papilloma Virus-Gueye. As this virus is most common among gay men, and due to the absence of infection with it among HIV-controlled patients. We suggest that this virus disturbs Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met which is the region which is responsible for male sexual orientation and has been linked to executive dysfunction, which might increase sexual risk behaviours favouring HIV transmission, which is damaged by mycotoxin of myecetoma fungal species and by cadmium contents of epsilon variant of COVID-19. We conclude that COVID-19 is not hazardous just because of its severe symptoms , but also because of its action as a mutagen on other microbes that may be present in a subclinical state. Also, we suggest that immunization against COVID-19 may lead to unexpected complications, especially mutations in other microbes. Finally, we claim that the scientific community named it monkey pox. Even among individuals who do not travel to the endemic, it is just mutant form of Human Papilloma virus.Item A Review of Sudanese Maternal Deaths(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-09-06) Nezar Mohammed Kheir Mohammed; Taha Umbeli Ahmed; Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed; Nahla Ahmed Mohammad Abdelrahman; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: The fifth Millennium Development Goal aims for a decrease in maternal mortality and universal access to high quality reproductive health care. Every year, around a third of a million women die as a result of pregnancy-related complications. Three quarters of these deaths might have been avoided. One of the most important markers of mother and child health care is the Maternal Mortality Ratio. One of the most significant aims of the national family welfare program is to reduce maternal fatalities are thought to be preventable. Objective: The study's focus is to document, investigate, and report the events and circumstances behind maternal fatalities, as well as to study maternal deaths in River Nile State in order to identify the maternal mortality rate and causes of death. Methodology: This is a hospital and community-based research that took place from January to December 2018 at River Nile State. Information on every maternal death was obtained using a questionnaire which was filled out and rechecked to completely cover State, and then analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The overall number of live births was 25988, with 29 incidents of maternal death. 112/100000 live births was the death rate. 27 of the patients (93%) died in a hospital, whereas two instances (7%) died at home. Obstetric hemorrhage was the leading cause of maternal death in seven cases (24.1%), followed by hypertensive disorders in seven cases (24.1%), sepsis in four cases (17.2%), indirect obstetric causes in three cases (10.3%), embolism (PE & AFE) in three cases (10.3%), unclassified causes in four cases (13.7%), and abortion in one case (3.4 %). The bulk of the cases were delayed at home (14 cases, 48.3%), with 10 cases (34.4%) having no delay and five (17.2%) being delayed in reaching hospitals. Unfortunately, 19 instances (65.5%) died as a result of preventable causes. Conclusion: In 2018, the maternal death rate in River Nile State was 112/100,000 live births, which was higher than in the previous report. Maternal fatalities were mostly caused by hemorrhage, hypertensive diseases, and sepsis. The bulk of deaths were postponed until they reached their final destination. Keywords: Maternal, Death, Atbara, River Nile, Sudan. Abbreviations: MMR; Maternal Mortality Ratio, AFE; Amniotic fluid embolism, LB; Live Births, SMIs; Safe Motherhood Initiatives, MDG; Millennium Development Goal, HIV; Human Immune Virus, SHHS; Sudan Household Health Survey, MDR; Maternal Death Ratio, WHO; World Health Organization ANC; Antenatal Care, CS; Cesarean Section, FSB; Fetal stillbirth, MSB; Macerated stillbirth, PND; Perinatal Neonatal Death, EmONC; Emergency Obstetrics and Neo-natal Care, PHC; Primary Health Care, PPH; Post-Partum Hemorrhage, APH; Anti-Partum HemorrhageItem ABO and Rhesus Grouping among Sudanese Patients with Coronary Artery Disease at Sudan Heart Center-Khartoum State(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2019) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Background: Many reports have appeared in recent years suggesting an association between blood groups and various manifesta tions of heart diseases. Many risk factors have been suggested as risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease. Among them is the ABO blood grouping. Materials and Methods: This a descriptive analytical study aimed to determine the frequency of blood group and Rhesus factor of patients with cardiovascular diseases at Khartoum state, during the period from October 2018 to March 2019. Five hundred patients with coronary artery diseases attended Sudan center of Heart and 500 apparently healthy controls were enrolled in this study. An informed consent was obtained from each participant before blood sample collection. ABO and Rh factor were performed by slide techniques using specific anti-sera. Thereafter, data was analyzed and organized by Microsoft Excel and SPSS computer program. Results: The results showed that most common blood group in patients with coronary artery diseases was O followed by A, and then B and least frequent was AB. Majority of patients with coronary artery diseases were Rh positive. Most common blood group was O (44.2%) followed by A (30.4%) and then B (21.4%) and least frequent was AB (4%). Finally, the results of the present study showed that there is no association of ABO blood group and Rh factor with cardiovascular diseases. Although the frequent of coronary artery diseases was higher in O group, the difference was statistically insignificant. We noticed that there’s an association between Coronary heart disease and ABO blood group due to the result of the P value (0.0003). Conclusion: We concluded that the risk of Coronary heart disease for individuals with non O blood grouping is higher than that of people with O blood grouping. And no association of Rhesus factors with Coronary Heart disease.Item Acinetobacter Baumanni in Ciconia Ciconia As Potential Host for Coronavirus Strains(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2021-02-01) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Acinetobacter baumanni in white storks (Ciconia ciconia) is the main host of coronavirus strains and can convert coronavirus from each strain to another, the occurrence of outbreaks of SARS CoV-2 VUI 202012/01, in a year of the reappearance of white storks in England, the concentration of new variant strain of coronavirus in the south-east part of Britain, huge amount of visitors to hatched white storks and presence of Acinetobacter baumanni in nesting of this endangered migratory bird, power the linkage between bacteria, virus and bird. Furthermore, outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia after the death of a huge amount of white storks in the southern area of Jeddah city, certainly Wadi Al-Dawasir Province, and later outbreak of MERS in Saudi Arabia with more concentration in Wadi Al Dawasir. Also artificial nesting of white storks in The Honghe Nature Reserve in northeast China's Heilongjiang province and Acinetobacter baumanni outbreaks in China predisposing factors for SARS COV-1 and SARS COV-2. Overlapping coding sequencing is required to follow up the potential relation between coronavirus strains, Acinetobacter baumanni and the white storks.Item ACTINOMYCES(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadDistinguishing Features: Anaerobic Branching rods Non−acid fastItem allergy overview(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2018) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAn allergy is a reaction by your immune system to something that does not bother most other people. People who have allergies often are sensitive to more than one thing. Substances that often cause reactions are Pollen 'XVWPLWHV 0ROGVSRUHV 3HWGDQGHU )RRG ,QVHFWVWLQJV 0HGLFLQHV Normally, your immune system fights germs. It is your body's defense system. In most allergic reactions, however, it is responding to a false alarm. Genes and the environment probably both play a role. Allergies can cause a variety of symptoms such as a runny nose, sneezing, itching, rashes, swelling, or asthma. Allergies can range from minor to severeItem Anemia and Women Subfertility(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2019) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAnemia is a condition in which the blood hemoglobin (the main oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells) level is under the minimum extreme of the reference range for the age and gender of the person .It is the most common hematological disorder affects millions of women at reproduction period around the globe that may influence in different phases of their socioeconomic lifestyle. It occurs due to increase red blood cell destruction or due to bone marrow failure to produce adequate number of blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia noticed among women during their reproductive age, while other types are less common. Pernicious anaemia and folate deficiency are recognized to cause secondary infertility. Any attempts to treat infertility or to even establish preliminary investigations should be delayed until anaemia is treated. Management of anaemia itself may resolve the infertility problems and should be taken as a first line treatment in all cases.Item Anemias in children(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2020) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Yousif M ElhajAnemia is defined as a hemoglobin level of less than the 5th percentile for age. Causes vary by age. Most children with anemia are asymptomatic, and the condition is detected on screening laboratory evaluation. Screening is recommended only for high-risk children. Anemia is classified as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic, based on the mean corpuscular volume. Mild microcytic anemia may be treated presumptively with oral iron therapy in children six to 36 months of age who have risk factors for iron deficiency anemia. If the anemia is severe or is unresponsive to iron therapy, the patient should be evaluated for gastrointestinal blood loss. Other tests used in the evaluation of microcytic anemia include serum iron studies, lead levels, and hemoglobin electrophoresis. Normocytic anemia may be caused by chronic disease, hemolysis, or bone marrow disorders. Workup of normocytic anemia is based on bone marrow function as determined by the reticulocyte count. If the reticulocyte count is elevated, the patient should be evaluated for blood loss or hemolysis. A low reticulocyte count suggests aplasia or a bone marrow disorder. Common tests used in the evaluation of macrocytic anemias include vitamin B12 and folate levels, and thyroid function testing. A peripheral smear can provide additional information in patients with anemia of any morphologyItem Antibiotic Resistance: Overview(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2021) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadThe threat of antibiotic resistance weaken development in health care, food production, and life expectancy. It is estimated that, without an effective response, resistance to antimicrobial medicines might lead death of 19 persons/ every minute by 2050Item Antimicrobial Activity of Azithromycin and Erythromycin against Streptococcus Pyogenes Isolated from Sore Throat Patients in Shendi, Sudan(SAR Publiher, 2024-01-03) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadBackground: Streptococci is considered one of the predominant flora colonizing the respiratory tract of humans. The group A Streptococci (GAS) causes the broadest range of diseases that can lead to the asymptomatic carriage, superficial infection of the upper respiratory tract mainly throat infection. Objectives: The study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity of azithromycin and erythromycin against Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) isolated from sore throat patients. Methods: Sixty-one throat swab samples from both sexes were collected randomly from different clinics in Shendi, Sudan from patients with clinical findings suggestive of throat infection between August to November 2021. Streptococcus pyogenes were isolated by standard cultural techniques and identified by using Gram stain and biochemical tests. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Azithromycin and Erythromycin were assessed using the disc diffusion method. Result: 19 throat swab samples (31%) out of 61 had S. pyogenes growth, whereas 42 (69%) did not. Of the patients, 12 (63.2% of them) were men, and 7, 36.8%, were women. The ages of the infected patients ranged from 1 to 10 years old in 2 (5.3%) cases, 11 to 20 years old in 2 (10.5%), 21 to 30 years old in 15 (78.9%), and 41 to 50 years old in 2 (5.3%) cases. In contrast to the other 5 (26.3%), 14 of them (73.7%) had recurring throat infections. Out of the 19 S. pyogenes isolates that tested positive, only 12 (63.6%) were susceptible to azithromycin and just 7 (36.8%) were resistant. 13 (68.4%) of the 19 S. pyogenes positive isolates were erythromycin sensitive, whereas 6 (31.6%) were resistant. Conclusion: Azithromycin and erythromycin are more sensitive to S. pyogenes, which indicates less excessive usage of these antibiotics in Shendi. Streptococcal infections in the respiratory tract are challenging to treat, and selecting an antibiotic treatment involves numerous considerations. Any isolated strain's susceptibility to antibiotics should be assessed because this is the only way to ensure quick and successful treatment. In order to improve public health, antibiotic therapy should be accompanied by adequate preventive measures, such as training nursing staff to prevent as many nosocomial infections as possible, educating the general public about the importance of hygiene and encouraging them to stop self-medicating and fostering closer scientific collaboration between clinicians and microbiologistsItem archaeopar asitology(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2018) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadArchaeoparasitology, a multi-disciplinary field within paleopathology, is the study of parasites in archaeological contexts. It includes studies of the protozoan and metazoan parasites of humans in the past, as well as parasites which may have affected past human societies, such as those infesting domesticated animals. Reinhard suggested that the term "archaeoparasitology" be applied to "... all parasitological remains excavated from archaeological contexts ... derived from human activity" and that "the term Paleoparasitology be applied to studies of nonhuman, paleontological material." Paleoparasitology includes all studies of ancient parasites outside of archaeological contexts, such as those found in amber and even dinosaur parasites. The first archaeoparasitology report described calcified eggs of Bilharzia haematobia (now Schistosoma haematobium) from the kidneys of an ancient Egyptian mummy. Since then, many fundamental archaeological questions have been answered by integrating our knowledge of the hosts, life cycles and basic biology of parasites, with the archaeological, anthropological and historical contexts in which they are found.Item Are Dioxins the Causative Agent of Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome?(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-02-21) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Polycystic ovaries syndrome), represent one of the major obstacles facing reproductive medicine re searchers, because there is no information about the etiology of it, and that made them fail to draw smile on faces of millions of women around the world, who are suffering from it. Scientists said that it is attributed to genetic and environmental factors, and we hypothesized that it was caused by environmental pollution by dioxins (specifically heavy metals), which disturb aryl hydrocarbon receptor and that lead to disturbing of nuclear receptors and then express genes which lead to hormonal, metabolic and immunologi cal abnormalities appear in PCOS patients. And fortunately this hypothesis supports our hypothesis about the etiology of COVID-19 and its variants, clinically and epidemiologically. PCOS can be transmitted transmammary, sexually from Dixon exposed male part ners, and due to direct exposure to Dixon either via explosion or by excessive use of makeup. Experimental studies are required to test our hypothesisItem Are Dioxins the Causative Agent of Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome?(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2020) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Stein-Leventhal syndrome (Polycystic ovaries syndrome) , represent one of the major obstacles facing reproductive medicine researchers , because there is no information about the etiology of it, and that made them fail to draw smile on faces of millions of women around the world, who are suffering from it. Scientists said that it is attributed to genetic and environmental factors , and we hypothesized that it was caused by environmental pollution by dioxins ( specifically heavy metals) , which disturb aryl hydrocarbon receptor and that lead to disturbing of nuclear receptors and then express genes which lead to hormonal , metabolic and immunological abnormalities appear in PCOS patients. And fortunately this hypothesis supports our hypothesis about the etiology of COVID-19 and its variants , clinically and epidemiologically. PCOS can be transmitted transmammry , sexually from Dixon exposed male partners , and due to direct exposure to Dixon either via explosion or by excessive use of makeup .Experimental studies are required to test our hypothesis.Item Artifacts(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2018) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAnything in a specimen which is caused by the technique used and doesn't reflect the original specimenItem Ascaris lumbricoides(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2018) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAscaris lumbricoides is the largest nematodes parasitizing the human intestine . The name derived from Askaris means intestinal worm and lubricus means resembling with common earth worm .Item Assessment of Allergy Marker Leucocyte (Eosinophil) Count and other Blood Cells Parameters among Workers at Berber Cement Factory, Berber Governorate, River Nile State, Sudan, 2017(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2017) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract- Background: This study was conducted at Berber cement factory in barber to assess cement dust exposure and relationship to complete hemogram change and allergic condition among workers. governorate leading to many pathological conditions one of those phenomenons is allergy, certainly among whom worked in cement factories. Objectives: To know the effect of exposure to the dust of cement on blood cells especially allergy Marker leucocytes. Methodology: A total of 120 exposed and 30 non exposed workers were enrolled in this case control study. Result: Allergy marker leucocyte (eosinophil) was increased (eosinophilia) other blood cell parameters were not affected. Conclusion: There is intimate relation between exposure to cement dust and eosinophilia. Recommendations: Furtherer studies are recommended with large sample size and taking the IgE measurement as a priority ofthe followingstudies.Item Assessment of Fibrinogen Level and Platelets Parameters among Vaccinated Healthy Individuals with COVID-19 Vaccine at Shendi Town(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-06-10) Eslam Abdalla Mohammed Ahmed; Mohammed Osman Ali; Lana Jamal Abubaker; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Hamza Ahmed Hassan; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: Background: Covid-19 vaccine is an immunization method used to reduce coronavirus incidence but lately caused life-threatening events such as thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Methods: This is a case control study conducted at Shendi town to evaluate platelet parameters and fibrinogen levels in vaccinated healthy individuals With Covid-19 vaccines between Augusts to November 2021. A total of (100) vaccinated healthy individual With the Covid-19 vaccine was enrolled in the study as test groups, compared with (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. Venous blood samples were transferred into Trisodium citrate and EDTA anticoagulant. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the (SPSS) version (22) program was used for data analysis. Results: The study revealed that the vaccinated healthy individuals were; (50%) male and (50%) female. The platelets parameter and fibrinogen indicated the mean values of platelets count, mean platelets volume, platelets distribution width, platelet crit, and fibrinogen, in Janssen vaccine groups, were (251.14 109\L), (8.39 fl), (15.6), (0.203%), and (158 mg\dl) respectively. The results study revealed the mean of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and Fibrinogen, in Astrazeneca vaccine groups, were (272.08 109\L), (8.13fl), (15.56), (0.2211%), (159 mg/dl) respectively. Also explained the mean of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT and Fibrinogen, in Astrazeneca vaccine groups were (272.08 109\L), (8.13fl), (15.56), (0.2211%), (159 mg\dl) respectively and in Janssen vaccine groups the mean values of PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, Fibrinogen were ( 251.14 109\L), (8.39fl), (15.63), (0.2034%), (158 mg\dl) respectively. Conclusions: Covid-19 vaccines are responsible for significant changes in fibrinogen level in both AstraZeneca and Janssen vaccine groups.Item Assessment of Iron Profile among Sudanese Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Shendi Town(ERC, 2022-10-01) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadThis is a descriptive cross-sectional case-control study conducted in Al-Mak Nemir University Hospital in Shendi town to evaluate the iron profile in patients with chronic renal failure during the period March to July 2018. The study included thirty patients who were diagnosed with chronic renal failure and the study group was compared with ten healthy volunteers as a control group. Blood samples were collected from the two groups, Iron profile parameters were measured, Data was collected using a structured face-to-face questionnaire, and the (SPSS) version (11.5) program was used for data analysis. The study revealed the patients with chronic renal failure were (73.3%) male and (26.6%) female, distributed as (66.7%) have (31-50) years old, (23.3%) have (51-70) years old, and (10%) have (71-100) years old. The iron profile indicated that the mean values of S. iron, S. ferritin, and TIBC, were (182.2667ug/dL), (267.4000ug/L), and (195.2333ug/dL) respectively. This study showed that chronic renal failure is responsible for significant changes in iron profileItem Assessment of Iron Profile among Sudanese Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Shendi Town(2022) Elham Mansour E Mohammed; Hamza Ahmed Hassan; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract: This is a descriptive cross-sectional case-control study conducted in Al-Mak Nemir University Hospital in Shendi town to evaluate the iron profile in patients with chronic renal failure during the period March to July 2018. The study included thirty patients who were diagnosed with chronic renal failure and the study group was compared with ten healthy volunteers as a control group. Blood samples were collected from the two groups, Iron profile parameters were measured, Data was collected using a structured face-to-face questionnaire, and the (SPSS) version (11.5) program was used for data analysis. The study revealed the patients with chronic renal failure were (73.3%) male and (26.6%) female, distributed as (66.7%) have (31-50) years old, (23.3%) have (51-70) years old, and (10%) have (71-100) years old. The iron profile indicated that the mean values of S. iron, S. ferritin, and TIBC, were (182.2667ug/dL), (267.4000ug/L), and (195.2333ug/dL) respectively. This study showed that chronic renal failure is responsible for significant changes in iron profile.Item Assessment of Liver Enzymes (ALT – AST) among Cigarette Male Smokers in River Nile State, Sudan(جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Hisham Abd alhameed Ibn Idris; , Amna A. Alameen; , Fatima A. Naser; Omnia M. Ahmed; , Razan S. Abdulla; Sara M. Alhaj; Tibyan A. Shareef; , Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed HamadAbstract Smoking use is widely spread throughout the world. The effect of smoking on human health are serious and, in many cases, deadly. This is a cross-sectional study conducted during the period from April 2018 to measure ALT & AST activities between smokers and nonsmokers. Thirty smokers were selected as the test group and thirty nonsmokers as the control group (age was matched (30-65)). Blood specimens were collected from both groups, and serum ALT &AST activities were determined by using an auto-analyzer (Mindary). Insignificant in means of serum AST &ALT activities in smokers when compared to the control group. The results also showed an insignificant correlation between age and serum AST&ALT activity. Statistical analysis also showed an insignificant correlation between the duration of smoking and serum AST&ALT activity. The result also showed an insignificant correlation between the number of cigarettes per day and serum AST & ALT. No correlation between AST & ALT activities with duration of smoking per year, no correlation between AST & ALT activities with age, and no correlation between AST &ALT activities with several cigarettes per day.