Challenge of the 21st century the dengue virus Infections
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Date
2023-06
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري
Abstract
Abstract:
The dengue virus is currently one of the most widespread arboviruses
infecting human populations, with serious negative effects on South
America and South-East Asia economies and societies. Inadequate
funding, wrong policies, a lack of political will, expanding mosquito
vectors, and increasing urbanization and globalization are some of the
factors contributing to the failure of initiatives to address this serious
public health issue. Recent data estimates that there were 96 million
apparent dengue illnesses globally in 2010. This figure, which is far
higher than the WHO projection, shows that the disease is spreading
quickly, creating a growing threat to the economy and a significant
challenge for doctors and healthcare services around the world, especially
in the impacted areas. In the past 17 years, dengue/dengue hemorrhagic
fever has emerged as one of the most significant resurgent tropical
diseases due to the geographical expansion of both the viruses and the
mosquitoes that transmit them, an increase in the frequency of epidemics,
the emergence of hyperendemicity (the cocirculation of multiple virus
serotypes), and the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever to new regions.
The four serotypes of the dengue virus have just recently begun to
establish endemic transmission in humans, with the four serotypes having
originated around 1000 years ago. The level of genetic and phenotypic
diversity observed in the sylvatic (primate) transmission cycle, however,
as well as its genesis, remains unknown. It appears likely that stochastic
processes also play a significant role in shaping viral genetic diversity,
with lineage extinction being a frequent occurrence. There is some
evidence that viral strains differ in important phenotypic features such as
virulence and positive selection at immunologically important sites. A
more complete understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of the
4
dengue virus, particularly concerning the etiology of severe disease, will
require large-scale prospective studies and the comparative analysis of
complete genome sequences. One of the most significant new arthropodborne pathogens is the dengue virus (DENV 1-4). The world's (sub)
tropical regions are home to all four DENV serotypes, which yearly infect
50–100 million people. While most DENV infections are asymptomatic
or only cause self-limited dengue fever, an increasing percentage of
patients exhibit more severe symptoms, including dengue hemorrhagic
fever and dengue shock syndrome. The potential for the future there isn't
a vaccination available yet for DF/DHF. All four viral serotypes have
live, attenuated vaccine candidates; however, it will probably be at least
ten years before they are made accessible for widespread use. Mosquito
control is the only hope for reversing the pandemic DF/DHF trend, but
this doesn't look likely to happen anytime soon. If effective prevention
programs are not put in place as soon as possible, new dengue virus
strains and serotypes will probably continue to spread between regions
where Ae. aegypti occurs in infected air travelers, leading to continued
hyperendemicity, increased frequency of epidemic activity, and increased
incidence of DHF. To achieve this, government representatives, public
health practitioners, and the general public must adopt an epidemic
prevention mindset as opposed to an emergency response mindset.