The host's immune response against dengue virus infections
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Date
2023
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Publisher
جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري
Abstract
One of the biggest global public health issues is dengue virus (DENV) infection,
particularly in tropical areas of the world where 75% of dengue cases occur. While
most DENV infections are moderate or asymptomatic, about 5% of cases go on to
develop a severe version of the illness. This is primarily related to several
infections with various DENV serotypes that occurred in succession. Numerous
immunopathogenic pathways involving virus and host variables influence the
severity of dengue. New research suggests that an inadequate immune response, by
limiting viral clearance and causing severe inflammation, which ultimately results
in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, contributes to the
progression and severity of the disease. The natural history of viral infections,
notably dengue, is greatly influenced by the host's innate and adaptive immune
responses. In this context, it has been noted that RNA interference (RNAi) is
becoming more prevalent in viral infection processes and immune defense in
recent years. The context microRNAs (miRNAs) go for stands out as their
presence during viral infection, both in the replication of the virus and in the
defense against these infections, becomes more noticeable. As a result, it is
becoming more and more important to understand the role of these small RNAs
within viral infection by DENV and what their consequences are in aggravating the
consequences of patients affected by this disease. Additionally, DENV specifically
targets immune mediators to inhibit antiviral signal transduction and invisibly
hides to avoid immune surveillance. The initial line of defense against viral
infections is innate immunity, where type I interferons are a key component. Many
viruses manage to get past inherent defenses and infect the host. Numerous
investigations have demonstrated that in order to circumvent the host's
immunological response, viruses like DENV decrease type I IFN production. The
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dengue virus has four widely recognized serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3,
and DENV-4. A fifth serotype was recently discovered in 2013. Although DENV
serotypes are roughly 65% similar, infection with various serotypes causes a
variety of clinical symptoms. In addition to the host cell's cellular machinery being
used by the virus, a host cell also produces different antiviral reactions. The
creation of interferon-dependent cytokines, the induction of inflammation, and cell
death through inducing apoptosis or autophagy are just a few of the ways the host
immune system fights virus infection. We go over processes that are essential for
the Dengue virus reproduction cycle in mammalian cells, its pathogenicity, and
several antiviral defenses put forth by the host cell in this overview. Understanding
the Dengue virus replication cycle and the host proteins that the virus uses as a
resource might be crucial for creating antiviral targets and is of utmost relevance
for maintaining public health