Browsing by Author "Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher"

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    Cytological Changes in Sputum Sample among Sudanese COVID-19 Patient among Different Town in Sudan 2021
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2022-01-18) Mariam Faez Habib; Asma Alameer M. Zeen; Safia M. Hussain; Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
    Abstract: Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID -19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with micro-organisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.
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    Cytological Features in Sputum Samples among Patients with COVID- 19 Patients
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-01-18) Marium Faiez Habib; Asma Alameer M. Zeen; Safia M. Hussain; Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher; hanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
    : Background: Coronaviruses are large groups of viruses that cause illness in humans and animals. This virus has a higher degree of lethality than other endemic viruses Covid-19 diagnosis is based on viral detection, isolation, or serological changes. For cytopathic effects, sputum cytology is routinely performed for nearly all patients with chest symptoms. Objective: The study aimed to find Cytological change in sputum samples of COVID -19 patients in Shendi town. Materials and Methods: This study includes 45 subjects. Thirty were known as Covid 19 positive cases by PCR, and 15 were healthy subjects. Two sputum smears were collected from the study group then fixed in (95% Ethanol alcohol) and stained with Papanicolaou and Giemsa stains, then screening for any cytomorphological changes and microbes. Result: In cytology screening, intranuclear inclusion and inflammatory cells were observed in all sputum samples (100%) of patients infected with covid-19, other cytomorphological changes that appeared were nuclear atypia (96.6%), cytolysis (64.4%) and destructive change (fibrocytes) in (30%). None of the cytomorphological changes mentioned above were observed in the control sample. Co-infection with bacteria and fungi (aspergillus & Candida) exists in (66.6%) of Covid-19 patients. There was a statistically significant correlation between infection with covid-19 and the cytomorphological changes characterized in their sputum P. value was less than (0.05). Intranuclear inclusion in this study was a specific and sensitive indicator for Covid-19. There was no correlation between the period of infection and distractive change appearance or invasion with micro-organisms of the study group (P. value more than 0.05), But confections with microorganisms were statistically correlated to the age of the study group (P. value less than 0.05). Conclusion: Cellular changes and consistency of Sputum and saliva samples can provide inexpensive, rapid diagnostic, minimally invasive techniques for Covid-19, particularly in densely populated developing countries and areas.
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    The host's immune response against dengue virus infections
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023) Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf; Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher; Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
    One of the biggest global public health issues is dengue virus (DENV) infection, particularly in tropical areas of the world where 75% of dengue cases occur. While most DENV infections are moderate or asymptomatic, about 5% of cases go on to develop a severe version of the illness. This is primarily related to several infections with various DENV serotypes that occurred in succession. Numerous immunopathogenic pathways involving virus and host variables influence the severity of dengue. New research suggests that an inadequate immune response, by limiting viral clearance and causing severe inflammation, which ultimately results in dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, contributes to the progression and severity of the disease. The natural history of viral infections, notably dengue, is greatly influenced by the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. In this context, it has been noted that RNA interference (RNAi) is becoming more prevalent in viral infection processes and immune defense in recent years. The context microRNAs (miRNAs) go for stands out as their presence during viral infection, both in the replication of the virus and in the defense against these infections, becomes more noticeable. As a result, it is becoming more and more important to understand the role of these small RNAs within viral infection by DENV and what their consequences are in aggravating the consequences of patients affected by this disease. Additionally, DENV specifically targets immune mediators to inhibit antiviral signal transduction and invisibly hides to avoid immune surveillance. The initial line of defense against viral infections is innate immunity, where type I interferons are a key component. Many viruses manage to get past inherent defenses and infect the host. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that in order to circumvent the host's immunological response, viruses like DENV decrease type I IFN production. The 5 dengue virus has four widely recognized serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. A fifth serotype was recently discovered in 2013. Although DENV serotypes are roughly 65% similar, infection with various serotypes causes a variety of clinical symptoms. In addition to the host cell's cellular machinery being used by the virus, a host cell also produces different antiviral reactions. The creation of interferon-dependent cytokines, the induction of inflammation, and cell death through inducing apoptosis or autophagy are just a few of the ways the host immune system fights virus infection. We go over processes that are essential for the Dengue virus reproduction cycle in mammalian cells, its pathogenicity, and several antiviral defenses put forth by the host cell in this overview. Understanding the Dengue virus replication cycle and the host proteins that the virus uses as a resource might be crucial for creating antiviral targets and is of utmost relevance for maintaining public health
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    Vitamin A and Male Reproduction
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2023-07) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Rahma Abdo Ahmed Osman; Tibyan Abd Almajed ALtaher; Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf
    Abstract: Vitamin A is essential for various functions in the human body, including growth, epithelial differentiation, eyesight, immune system function, men's reproduction, and male infertility by enhancing sperm quality, bioenergetics, functioning, maintaining mitochondrial stability, and reducing oxidative damage. Males require dietary retinoid or vitamin A for spermatogenesis, as spermatogonial stem cells start the process through periodic RA after birth. Blood-testis barrier interactions and RA signals are crucial to the process of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is a significant inducer of spermatogenesis in the mammalian testis. The undifferentiated spermatogonia are started by RA at the beginning of the 72-day spermatogenesis process in humans. The immune system, which is aided by vitamin A, mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and protects reproductive organs from oxidative stress. Beta-carotene (inactivated) and retinol (activated) are the two major forms of vitamin A that circulate in the body. Retinoic acid may contribute to male fertility through its impact on sperm quantity and shape. Vitamin A deficiency can stop spermatogenesis prematurely, but longterm chronic high vitamin A intake harms sperm viability, production, and morphology. Vitamin A measurement is crucial for understanding lipid peroxidation, which is a significant risk factor for human spermatozoa. Infertile patients may have higher levels of reactive oxygen species production, which could be a cause of idiopathic infertility. The body's defenses against oxidative damage rely heavily on lipid-soluble antioxidants like vitamin A, which includes beta-carotene. High levels of these vitamins have protective effects against disease by reducing lipid peroxidation. Techniques for measuring retinol include immunoassay technology, reverse phase open column chromatography, and monoclonal antibody-based immuno-enzymometric tests. High-performance liquid 3 chromatography (HPLC) is a quick and reliable method for estimating retinol levels simultaneously in serum and seminal fluid.