Browsing by Author "Tarig Mohammed Elfaki"

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    Effects of Leishmania Species on Immune Response against Malaria Parasite in Malaria Leishmania Coinfections
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2021-12-08) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Sufian Khalid M. Noor; Awadalla H. Kashif c‡,Eltayeb; Mohammed Medani; Bader Saud Alotaibi; Elizabeth Popova; Shafie Abdulkadir Hassan; Yassin Bakri Salih; Yassin Saad Elhossin; Tarig Mohammed Elfaki; Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed
    Both malaria and leishmania are most widespread protozoon parasitic diseases, certainly in tropical countries of the world. Malaria leishmania coinfection is common in leishmaniasis endemic areas which is mostly endemic to malaria too. Researchers notice that in cases of malaria leishmania coinfection , leishmania species find the some extent the outcome of malaria infection , but also behavior of malaria parasite species play a significant role to figure the consequences of it. While L. donovani protect from severe malaria complications by suppression of major histocompatibility class Ⅱ , so it diminish the clinical severity of malaria but not malaria parasite density due to dysfunction of major histocompatibility class I, which controlled by suppressed one, In another side L. mexicana tends to sequester in macrophages and lead to severe clinical outcomes when it coexisted with malaria parasite at same host. Experimental studies required to know more information about coinfection of different malaria and leishmania species to establish clinical research. Leishmania infection excluded when studies aim to assess the immune response to only malaria parasite, experimental studies required involving different species of malaria and leishmania.
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    essential malariology
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2017) Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Tarig Mohammed Elfaki
    Recognizable descriptions of malaria were recorded in Chinese, Indian, Egyptian and Mesopotamian texts as early as 5,000 years ago. Evidence from human DNA sequences shows the effects of malaria to be far older still, influencing human evolution across tens of thousands of years. It is no exaggeration to say that malaria has played a crucial role in human history, determining the fates of armies and empires. Malaria brought down Alexander the Great and saved Rome from Attila's hordes. Dubbed the 'King of Diseases' in the Vedas, its modern name comes from the Italian peninsula, where mal'aria or 'bad air' was thought to cause the debilitating paroxysmal tertian or quartan (three- or four-day) fevers and febrile deaths that ravaged the populace every year for millennia. (1) Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite. People with malaria often experience fever, chills, and flu-like illness. Left untreated, they may develop severe complications and die. In 2015 an estimated 212 million cases of malaria occurred worldwide and 429,000 people died, mostly children in the African Region. About 1,700 cases of malaria are diagnosed in the United States each year. The vast majority of cases in the United States are in travelers and immigrants returning from countries where malaria transmission occurs, many from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. (2) Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with the Plasmodium parasite bites you. An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth. This is known as congenital malaria. Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be transmitted through:
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    Malaria review
    (جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري, 2019) Madiha Elfadil Elkhairi; mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad; Tarig Mohammed Elfaki
    Malaria history: Malaria remains one of the main killers of humans' universal, threatening the lives of more than 1/3 of the world's population [1]. It is an prehistoric disease and references to what was almost certainly malaria occur in a Chinese document from about 2700 BC, clay tablets from Mesopotamia from 2000 BC, Egyptian papyri from 1570 BC and Hindu texts as far back as the sixth century BC. Such historical records must be regarded with caution but moving into later centuries we are beginning to step onto firmer ground. The early Greeks, including Homer in about 850 BC, Empedocles of Agrigentum in about 550 BC and Hippocrates in about 400 BC, were well aware of the characteristic poor health, malarial fevers and enlarged spleens seen in people living in marshy places. For over 2500 years the idea that malaria fevers were caused by miasmas rising from swamps persisted and it is widely held that the word malaria comes from the Italian mal'aria meaning spoiled air although this has been disputed. With the discovery of bacteria by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, and the incrimination of microorganisms as causes of infectious diseases and the development of the germ theory of infection by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in 1878-1879, the search for the cause of malaria intensified. Scientific studies only became possible after the discovery of the parasites themselves by Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran in 1880 and the incrimination of mosquitoes as the vectors, first for avian malaria by Ronald Ross in 1897 and then for human malaria by the Italian scientists Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli, Camillo Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava between 1898 and 1900. Excellent histories of this disease include those by Celli [2],, Stephens [3], Scott [4], Russell [5], Foster [6], Garnham [7,8], Harrison [9], Bruce- Chwatt [10], Desowitz [11], McGregor [12], Poser & Bruyn [13] and Schlagenhauf [14].. It is believed that its homeland is West Africa malaria (P. falciparum) and Central Africa (P. vivax). Four species of malaria parasite infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale