Male Androgens: Physiology, Pharmacology and related disorders
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Date
2023
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جامعة الشيخ عبدالله البدري
Abstract
Androgens are important steroid hormones that control how the male phenotype is
expressed, including the establishment and maintenance of spermatogenesis as
well as the external development of secondary sex traits. The development of male
reproductive organs such as the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate,
and penis is greatly influenced by androgens. Additionally, males require
androgens during puberty, Masculine sexuality, and reproduction. Spermatogenesis
requires a lot of intratesticular testosterone, which is released by the Leydig cells.
The majority of the androgen-binding protein that binds intratesticular testosterone
is released into the seminiferous tubules. The androgen receptor is specifically
coupled to testosterone inside the Sertoli cells, where activation of the receptor
causes the spermatogenic process to begin and be maintained as well as the
suppression of germ cell apoptosis. All male reproductive organs include the
androgen receptor, which can be activated by either testosterone or its more potent
metabolite, dihydrotestosterone. Male sexual development in males may be
aberrant as a result of severe androgen receptor abnormalities. Male infertility may
be brought on by more modest modulations. Since exogenously administered
testosterone and its metabolite estrogen will suppress both GnRH production by
the hypothalamus and Luteinizing hormone production by the pituitary gland and
subsequently suppress testicular testosterone production, treating an infertile man
with testosterone does improve spermatogenesis. Additionally, the testis requires
significant quantities of testosterone, which cannot be produced by giving
androgens to patients orally or intravenously. Deficient spermatogenesis will arise
from Leydig cell suppression of testosterone production, as is evident in males who
use anabolic-androgenic steroids.